separation of functions that is now ending with the electrical 
implosion.

     Typographic man took readily to film just because, like 
books, it offers an inward world of fantasy and dreams. The 
film viewer sits in psychological solitude like the silent book 
reader. This was not the case with the manuscript reader, nor 
is it true of the watcher of television. It is not pleasant to turn 
on TV just for oneself in a hotel room, nor even at home. The 
TV mosaic image demands social completion and dialogue. So 
with the manuscript before typography, since manuscript 
culture is oral and demands dialogue and debate, as the entire 
culture of the ancient and medieval worlds demonstrates. One 
of the major pressures of TV has been to encourage the 
“teaching machine.” In fact, these devices are adaptations of 
the book in the direction of dialogue. These teaching machines